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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues
10:41

An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues

Published on: April 5, 2018

Visualizing epigenetics: current advances and advantages in HDAC PET imaging techniques.

C Wang1, F A Schroeder2, J M Hooker1

  • 1Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States.

Neuroscience
|September 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic dysfunction drives human diseases. New noninvasive neuroimaging tools, like PET scans for histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes, offer promising ways to diagnose brain disorders and aid drug discovery.

Keywords:
brainchromatinepigeneticsimagingprobestranslation

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Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

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An Integrated Platform for Genome-wide Mapping of Chromatin States Using High-throughput ChIP-sequencing in Tumor Tissues

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Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C
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Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C

Published on: October 14, 2022

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Imaging

Background:

  • Flawed epigenetic mechanisms, causing abnormal gene regulation, are implicated in many human diseases.
  • Current methods to study epigenetic dysfunction in the brain are often invasive and lack in vivo applicability.
  • Developing tools to visualize epigenetic enzyme function in the human brain is crucial for disease diagnosis and therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current invasive and noninvasive techniques for assessing chromatin-modifying enzymes in the brain.
  • To highlight the potential of molecular imaging, particularly positron emission tomography (PET), for visualizing epigenetic processes in vivo.
  • To discuss the challenges and advances in developing neuroimaging tracers for enzymes like histone deacetylases (HDACs).

Main Methods:

  • Overview of existing invasive and noninvasive methods for measuring epigenetic enzyme expression and function.
  • Focus on techniques applicable to histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes as a model.
  • Summary of advancements in PET imaging for visualizing HDACs and their inhibition in the brain.

Main Results:

  • Most current techniques for studying brain epigenetics are invasive and difficult to translate to human in vivo conditions.
  • Recent progress in molecular imaging offers new, noninvasive approaches to visualize epigenetics in the human brain.
  • PET imaging shows promise for visualizing HDACs and their inhibitory effects, with generalizable techniques for other epigenetic enzymes.

Conclusions:

  • Noninvasive neuroimaging tools, such as PET and MRI, are essential for bridging the gap between ex vivo findings and in vivo epigenetic function in the brain.
  • These translational tools can significantly aid in evaluating and intervening in central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction.
  • Developing CNS radiotracers for HDACs and other epigenetic enzymes is critical for advancing brain disorder diagnosis and drug discovery.