Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A Detrimental NFKB2 Missense Variant is Associated with Hypogammaglobulinemia.

Journal of clinical immunology·2026
Same author

ADA2 genotype and enzyme activity may predict vasculitic or hematologic DADA2 phenotype.

Journal of human immunity·2026
Same author

LRBA regulates actin cytoskeleton dynamics through NMIIA during B cell immune responses.

EMBO reports·2026
Same author

Retraction Note: Human immunodeficiency virus 1 Nef suppresses CD40-dependent immunoglobulin class switching in bystander B cells.

Nature immunology·2026
Same author

Reply to: Comment on: Investigating Biomarkers for Inborn Errors of Immunity in a Prospective Study of Patients With Autoimmune Cytopenia.

Pediatric blood & cancer·2026
Same author

How I Treat: STAT3 hyper IgE syndrome.

Journal of human immunity·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes
08:12

Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes

Published on: November 1, 2011

CVID-associated TACI mutations affect autoreactive B cell selection and activation.

Neil Romberg, Nicolas Chamberlain, David Saadoun

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |September 21, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) involves antibody deficiency and autoimmunity. TACI gene mutations impact B cell activation and tolerance, with single mutations leading to autoimmunity and antinuclear antibodies (ANAs).

    More Related Videos

    Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs
    11:21

    Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs

    Published on: September 10, 2017

    Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice
    05:03

    Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice

    Published on: April 26, 2024

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 7, 2026

    Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes
    08:12

    Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes

    Published on: November 1, 2011

    Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs
    11:21

    Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs

    Published on: September 10, 2017

    Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice
    05:03

    Accessing Early Differentiation of Virus-Specific Follicular Helper CD4+ T Cell in Acute LCMV-Infected Mice

    Published on: April 26, 2024

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Common variable immune deficiency (CVID) is characterized by antibody deficiency, increased infection susceptibility, and autoimmunity.
    • Mutations in the TACI gene are linked to CVID and autoimmune conditions, with varying effects based on the number of mutated alleles.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how the number of TACI mutations influences B cell activation and immune tolerance checkpoints.
    • To understand the role of TACI in the development of autoimmunity in CVID patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of healthy individuals and CVID patients with one or two TACI mutations.
    • Examination of TACI interactions with TLR7 and TLR9.
    • Assessment of B cell activation, central B cell tolerance, and autoantibody production.

    Main Results:

    • TACI interacts with mature TLR7 and TLR9, crucial for B cell activation and removal of autoreactive B cells.
    • Individuals with a single TACI mutation exhibited breached immune tolerance and produced antinuclear antibodies (ANAs).
    • Circulating T follicular helper (Tfh) cells expressing B cell lymphoma 6 were associated with ANA production in patients with single TACI mutations.

    Conclusions:

    • TACI mutations contribute to CVID by disrupting B cell activation and impairing central B cell tolerance.
    • The presence of one TACI mutation, but not two, allows for residual B cell responsiveness, potentially leading to autoimmune complications.