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Related Concept Videos

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Reaction Rate02:53

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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
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The Collision Theory
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Production Efficiency01:01

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
Reaction Mechanisms: Rate-limiting Step Approximation01:29

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The rate-determining step, or RDS, in a chemical reaction is the slowest step that determines the overall reaction rate. It is identified by using the observed rate law and typically involves approximation methods like the RDS approximation or the steady-state approximation.In the RDS approximation, also known as the rate-limiting-step or equilibrium approximation, the reaction mechanism consists of one or more reversible reactions near equilibrium, followed by a slower RDS, and then one or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats
06:17

A Task for Assessing the Impact of a Partner on the Speed and Accuracy of Motor Performance in Rats

Published on: October 17, 2019

The development speed paradox: can increasing development speed reduce R&D productivity?

Dennis W Lendrem1, B Clare Lendrem1

  • 1Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Framlington Place, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.

Drug Discovery Today
|September 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmaceutical R&D productivity may decrease despite efforts to speed up development. Parallelizing tasks, common in drug development, can paradoxically lengthen the time to market for successful molecules when attrition rates are high.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical R&D
  • Drug Development
  • Operations Research

Background:

  • The pharmaceutical industry aimed to boost R&D productivity in the 1990s.
  • Development tasks were shifted to parallel processes to accelerate cycle times and increase speed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a model analyzing the impact of development speed initiatives on R&D productivity.
  • To demonstrate the potential for increased time to market despite faster development.

Main Methods:

  • A simple mathematical model was developed.
  • The model incorporates high attrition rates characteristic of pharmaceutical development.

Main Results:

  • Accelerating development speed for successful molecules can paradoxically increase the expected time to market.
  • High attrition rates amplify this effect, leading to longer overall development timelines.

Conclusions:

  • Initiatives focused solely on increasing development speed may not improve R&D productivity.
  • The 'development speed paradox' highlights the need for a nuanced approach to optimizing pharmaceutical R&D processes.