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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Chemical Conjugation of a Purified DEC-205-Directed Antibody with Full-Length Protein for Targeting Mouse Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
10:35

Chemical Conjugation of a Purified DEC-205-Directed Antibody with Full-Length Protein for Targeting Mouse Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: February 5, 2021

Multivalent dendritic molecules as broad spectrum bacteria agglutination agents.

Shuzhang Xiao1, Lica Abu-Esba, Serhan Turkyilmaz

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 236 Nieuwland Science Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.

Theranostics
|September 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary

New synthetic molecules with zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) units act as broad-spectrum bacterial agglutination agents. These dendritic probes show high selectivity for bacteria, offering potential for infection imaging and theranostics.

Keywords:
agglutinationbacteriamolecular imagingmultivalencyzinc(II)-dipicolylamine.

More Related Videos

Simultaneous Detection of Different Antibody Classes in a Multiplexed Serological Test
05:25

Simultaneous Detection of Different Antibody Classes in a Multiplexed Serological Test

Published on: July 14, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Chemical Conjugation of a Purified DEC-205-Directed Antibody with Full-Length Protein for Targeting Mouse Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
10:35

Chemical Conjugation of a Purified DEC-205-Directed Antibody with Full-Length Protein for Targeting Mouse Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: February 5, 2021

Simultaneous Detection of Different Antibody Classes in a Multiplexed Serological Test
05:25

Simultaneous Detection of Different Antibody Classes in a Multiplexed Serological Test

Published on: July 14, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Synthetic chemistry
  • Microbiology
  • Biomedical imaging

Background:

  • Antibodies offer specific bacterial targeting but lack broad-spectrum activity.
  • Need for novel agents that can non-specifically target and aggregate diverse bacteria.
  • Zinc(II)-dipicolylamine (ZnDPA) units exhibit affinity for bacterial cell envelopes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate synthetic molecules as broad-spectrum bacterial agglutination agents.
  • To assess the selectivity and efficacy of these agents in vitro and in vivo.
  • To explore their potential for infection imaging and theranostic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of dendritic molecules with varying numbers of ZnDPA units (4-32).
  • In vitro agglutination assays using ten bacterial strains.
  • Fluorescence microscopy and in vivo optical imaging in a mouse infection model.

Main Results:

  • Multivalent ZnDPA probes rapidly agglutinated diverse bacterial strains, irrespective of Gram-type.
  • High selectivity for bacterial agglutination over mammalian cells observed in vitro.
  • In vivo imaging confirmed selective bacterial targeting in a mouse leg infection model.

Conclusions:

  • Dendritic multivalent ZnDPA probes are effective broad-spectrum bacterial agglutination agents.
  • These probes demonstrate high selectivity and potential for non-specific bacterial targeting.
  • Promising candidates for advanced infection imaging and theranostic strategies.