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Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer

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Rous Sarcoma virus or RSV was discovered by F. Peyton Rous in the year 1911 as a filterable transmissible agent that could cause tumors in chickens. He won a Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1966. His experiments clearly demonstrated that some cancers could be caused by infectious agents and led to the discovery of many more cancer-causing viruses in animals as well as humans.
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Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

An Improved and High Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Micro-neutralization Assay

An Improved and High Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Micro-neutralization Assay

Published on: January 26, 2019

Translational sciences approach to RSV vaccine development.

Vanessa Kurzweil¹, Roderick Tang, Mark Galinski

¹Cell and Molecular Biology Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Expert Review of Vaccines

|September 24, 2013

Summary

Developing new respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines requires understanding distinct infant and elderly immune responses. This research uses translational data to inform the creation of safe and effective RSV vaccines for all age groups.

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Area of Science:

Virology
Immunology
Vaccinology

Background:

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) frequently causes lower respiratory tract infections in infants and the elderly.
Despite minimal antigenic variation, RSV leads to lifelong reinfections.
Immune responses and disease presentation vary significantly between infants and the elderly.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline a translational strategy for developing novel RSV vaccines.
To address the need for distinct vaccine attributes tailored to different populations (infants vs. elderly).

Main Methods:

Leveraging epidemiological data from infant and elderly populations.
Analyzing the role of RSV diagnostics in clinical settings.
Incorporating lessons from prior RSV vaccine clinical trials.
Considering the success of palivizumab for high-risk infants.

Main Results:

The study proposes a framework for RSV vaccine development based on translational insights.
Identifies key considerations for vaccine design targeting specific demographics.

Conclusions:

A translational approach integrating diverse data sources is crucial for effective RSV vaccine development.
Tailoring vaccine strategies to the unique immunological profiles of infants and the elderly is essential for optimal protection against RSV.