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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
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Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines

Antihistamines are a class of drugs widely used to alleviate the symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion. They work by inhibiting the actions of histamine, which is released by immune cells in response to allergenic substances or tissue injuries.
Histamine binds to specific receptor sites, known as H1 receptors, on tissue cells, triggering inflammation and swelling. Antihistamines combat these effects by competing with histamine for these receptor sites. By...
Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
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Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity
10:39

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity

Published on: June 25, 2015

Adjuvanted influenza vaccines.

Orli Even-Or1, Sarit Samira, Ronald Ellis

  • 1Laboratory of Membrane and Liposome Research, Department of Biochemistry, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.

Expert Review of Vaccines
|September 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

New adjuvants and antigen carriers can enhance influenza vaccines, improving immune responses and protection, especially for high-risk groups like the elderly and children. These innovations aim for broader influenza virus coverage.

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Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination
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Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Published on: June 2, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Influenza remains a significant cause of illness and death, with current vaccines offering incomplete protection, particularly in vulnerable populations.
  • High-risk groups, including the elderly and young children, require more effective influenza immunization strategies.
  • Protein-based influenza antigens typically lack carriers or adjuvants, limiting their immunogenicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current influenza vaccines and explore novel adjuvants and antigen carriers.
  • To highlight research and development in adjuvanted influenza vaccines.
  • To assess the potential of these advancements in improving immune response, protection, and coverage against influenza.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing influenza vaccines.
  • Analysis of research on new adjuvants and antigen carriers for influenza vaccines.
  • Evaluation of studies on adjuvanted influenza vaccines and their efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Adjuvants and antigen carriers show promise in enhancing immune responses to influenza vaccines.
  • Adjuvanted vaccines can improve protection and broaden the scope of coverage against influenza virus strains.
  • These strategies are particularly beneficial for high-risk populations needing enhanced immunity.

Conclusions:

  • Adjuvants and antigen carriers are crucial for developing more effective influenza vaccines.
  • Further research into adjuvanted influenza vaccines is essential for public health.
  • Improved vaccine formulations can significantly reduce influenza-related morbidity and mortality.