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Related Concept Videos

Reinforcement Schedules01:24

Reinforcement Schedules

Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
Once a behavior is learned,...
Serial Position Effect01:03

Serial Position Effect

The serial position effect is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals are more likely to recall the first and last items in a list compared to those in the middle. This effect is divided into the primacy effect and the recency effect. The primacy effect is observed when the initial items in a list are remembered better. This occurs because these items are rehearsed more frequently or receive more elaborative processing, allowing them to be encoded into long-term memory more effectively. For...
Group Design02:01

Group Design

The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between the two are due to...
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...
Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs01:15

Bioequivalence Experimental Study Designs: Repeated Measures, Cross-Over, Carry-Over, and Latin Square Designs

Bioequivalence experimental study designs play a pivotal role in testing the effectiveness of various treatments. Key among these are the repeated measures, cross-over, carry-over, and Latin square designs. In the repeated measures design, each subject receives all treatments, allowing for temporal comparisons. This type of design is useful in reducing variability but requires careful planning to avoid bias.The cross-over design, an economical method, involves sequential administration of...
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...

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Related Experiment Video

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Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

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Self-controlled KR schedules: does repetition order matter?

Jae T Patterson1, Michael J Carter, Steve Hansen

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada.

Human Movement Science
|September 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Self-controlled knowledge of results (KR) enhances motor skill learning, especially with random practice. This control improves transfer performance regardless of practice schedule, benefiting skill acquisition.

Keywords:
233023402343FeedbackKnowledge of resultsLearningPractice scheduleSelf-control

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Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
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Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
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07:59

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Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm
12:12

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Published on: May 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Motor Learning
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Skill Acquisition

Background:

  • Understanding how practice schedules influence motor skill acquisition is crucial.
  • Investigating the role of self-controlled feedback in learning is an active research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the effect of experimenter-defined repetition schedules on self-controlled knowledge of results (KR) during motor skill acquisition.
  • To determine how practice schedules interact with self-controlled KR to impact retention and transfer of motor skills.

Main Methods:

  • Participants learned novel spatial-temporal tasks under blocked or random repetition schedules.
  • Learners either had control over their KR schedule or were yoked to a controlled participant.

Main Results:

  • Self-controlled KR within a random repetition schedule led to superior retention performance.
  • Self-controlled KR significantly improved transfer performance, irrespective of the repetition schedule used.

Conclusions:

  • Self-controlled KR schedules enhance motor skill acquisition, particularly for retention when combined with random practice.
  • The benefits of self-controlled KR extend to transfer performance, suggesting a robust effect on generalized motor learning.