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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at 9th...
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos
11:02

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for Tissue-specific Genes using Early-stage Mouse Embryos

Published on: April 29, 2011

Heterochromatin reorganization during early mouse development requires a single-stranded noncoding transcript.

Miguel Casanova1, Michał Pasternak, Fatima El Marjou

  • 1Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris F-75248, France; CNRS, UMR218, Paris F-75248, France.

Cell Reports
|September 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parental pericentric heterochromatin (PHC) reorganization is crucial for development. Our study reveals pericentric transcripts, particularly reverse transcripts, are essential for PHC clustering and embryonic development beyond the two-cell stage.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Developmental Biology
  • Noncoding RNA and Nuclear Organization
  • Chromatin Dynamics

Background:

  • Pericentric heterochromatin (PHC) equalization from parental origins is vital for genome function.
  • Noncoding transcripts' role in nuclear organization of chromatin is emerging.
  • The relationship between PHC replication, transcription, and reorganization needs clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interplay between replication and transcription of parental PHC domains.
  • To understand the role of noncoding transcripts in PHC reorganization during early development.
  • To determine the necessity of PHC replication for its clustering and development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing parthenogenetic embryos to assess transcript requirements.
  • Analyzing pericentric heterochromatin clustering at the late two-cell stage.
  • Investigating the role of specific transcript types (e.g., reverse transcripts).

Main Results:

  • PHC replication is not essential for its clustering at the late two-cell stage.
  • Pericentric transcripts are indispensable for PHC reorganization, irrespective of chromatin marks.
  • Only reverse pericentric transcripts are required for PHC nuclear reorganization and subsequent development.

Conclusions:

  • PHC clustering and reorganization are regulated by pericentric transcripts, not solely by replication or chromatin marks.
  • Reverse pericentric transcripts play a critical role in both nuclear organization and embryonic development.
  • Findings challenge existing models of heterochromatin organization and its regulation by RNA.