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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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New Tools to Expand Regulatory T Cells from HIV-1-infected Individuals
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Published on: May 30, 2013

HIV: is a vaccine the answer?

Sumit Chawla1, Soumya Swaroop Sahoo1, Rambilas Jain1

  • 11Department of Community Medicine; PGIMS; Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|September 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Achieving zero new HIV infections, zero AIDS deaths, and zero discrimination is a global priority. Despite progress, new infections outpace prevention, highlighting the urgent need for an effective AIDS vaccine.

Keywords:
HIVimmunityresearchvaccinevirus

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Global Health

Background:

  • The global HIV/AIDS epidemic continues to pose a significant public health challenge.
  • World AIDS Day 2012 emphasized the ambitious goal of 'getting to zero' – zero new HIV infections, zero AIDS-related deaths, and zero discrimination.
  • Despite advancements in antiretroviral therapies and prevention technologies, the rate of new HIV infections remains a critical concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the economic burden of HIV in India, with total annual losses reaching 7% of GDP.
  • To underscore the disparity between the HIV incidence rate in India (0.27%) and the substantial economic losses incurred.
  • To emphasize the ongoing need for effective HIV prevention and control strategies, including the development of a vaccine.

Main Methods:

  • Economic impact assessment of HIV/AIDS.
  • Analysis of HIV incidence rates and their relation to economic losses.
  • Review of current HIV prevention and treatment advancements.

Main Results:

  • HIV results in staggering economic losses for India, amounting to 7% of GDP annually.
  • External transfers due to lost labor income and medical expenses represent 5% of national health expenditure and 0.23% of GDP.
  • New HIV infections continue to outpace current prevention and control efforts.

Conclusions:

  • The development of a safe and effective HIV vaccine is a critical global public health priority.
  • An AIDS vaccine represents the most promising strategy to ultimately end the AIDS pandemic.
  • Continued investment in HIV prevention, treatment, and vaccine research is essential to achieve the 'getting to zero' goals.