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Related Concept Videos

Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they produce ions...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis
09:51

Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis

Published on: January 30, 2018

Effects of radiation on bone.

Rafael Pacheco1, Harlan Stock

  • 1Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Therapeutics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-2802, USA.

Current Osteoporosis Reports
|September 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Ionizing radiation causes bone damage through direct and indirect effects, with actively dividing cells being most vulnerable. Understanding radiation-induced bone complications and their imaging is crucial for diagnosis.

Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Oncology
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Ionizing radiation induces biologic effects via direct DNA damage and indirect free radical formation.
  • Mitotically active cells exhibit heightened susceptibility to radiation's detrimental impacts.
  • Radiation effects manifest locally within treatment fields and systemically, potentially involving hormonal and inflammatory pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of radiation-induced bone damage.
  • To detail the spectrum of bone complications following radiation therapy.
  • To emphasize the importance of radiographic interpretation for diagnosing irradiated bone.

Main Methods:

  • Review of mechanisms of ionizing radiation injury.
  • Analysis of bone complications including osteopenia, growth arrest, fracture, and malignancy.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis
09:51

Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis

Published on: January 30, 2018

  • Discussion of radiographic findings on computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

    • Main Results:

    • Osteopenia, a dose-dependent and potentially reversible complication, is a key finding.
    • Insufficiency fractures are common, particularly in weight-bearing bones with high trabecular-to-cortical ratios.
    • Radiation-induced bone changes require specific knowledge for accurate interpretation on CT and MRI.

    Conclusions:

    • Ionizing radiation poses significant risks to bone health, leading to diverse complications.
    • The severity and reversibility of radiation-induced bone effects are dose-dependent.
    • Familiarity with imaging characteristics of irradiated bone is essential for clinicians.