NMR structural studies of human cellular prion proteins

Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein, PrP(C), into a pathological form known as prion or PrP(Sc). They can be classified into sporadic, inherited and infectious forms. Spontaneous generation of PrP(Sc) in inherited forms of prion diseases is caused by mutations in the human prion protein gene (PRNP). A major goal in prion biology is unraveling the molecular mechanism by which PrP(C) misfolds and leads to development of diseases. Structural characterization of various human PrP (HuPrP) variants may be helpful for better understanding of the earliest stages of the conformational changes leading to spontaneous generation of prions. Here, we review the results of the recent high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structural studies on HuPrPs with pathological Q212P and V210I mutations linked with Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (GSS) syndrome and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD), respectively, and HuPrP carrying naturally occurring E219K polymorphism considered to protect against sporadic CJD (sCJD). We describe subtle local differences between the three-dimensional (3D) structures of HuPrP mutants and the wild-type (WT) protein, providing new insights into the possible key structural determinants underlying conversion of PrP(C) into PrP(Sc). Also highlighted are the most recent findings from NMR studies about the effect of pH on the structural features of HuPrP with V210I mutation.