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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Inhibition00:46

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
Feedback Loops01:01

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In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

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Published on: January 29, 2018

The authors reply

Raoul Sutter1, Robert D Stevens, Peter W Kaplan

  • 1Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Neurology; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine; Department of Neurology; Department of Neurosurgery; Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD.

Critical Care Medicine
|September 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

No abstract available in PubMed .

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