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Related Concept Videos

Naturalistic Observations02:30

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...
Actor-Observer Effect01:23

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The actor-observer effect, a cognitive bias closely linked to the fundamental attribution error, refers to the tendency for individuals to attribute their behavior to external, situational factors while explaining others’ behavior in terms of internal, dispositional traits. This asymmetry in attribution significantly influences social perception and judgment.Cognitive Mechanisms Behind the EffectTwo primary psychological mechanisms contribute to the actor-observer effect: differences in visual...
Observational Learning01:12

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning because...
Social Facilitation01:04

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Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
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Prospective Study
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Social Exchange Theory02:06

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We have discussed why we form relationships, what attracts us to others, and different types of love. But what determines whether we are satisfied with and stay in a relationship? One theory that provides an explanation is social exchange theory. According to social exchange theory, we act as naïve economists in keeping a tally of the ratio of costs and benefits of forming and maintaining a relationship with others (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation
12:33

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

Published on: December 31, 2013

Both novelty and expertise increase action observation network activity.

Sook-Lei Liew1, Tong Sheng, John L Margetis

  • 1Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|September 25, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Action observation network (AON) activity is modulated by experience. Both novices and experts with amputations show distinct AON responses, suggesting a nuanced model is needed for understanding expertise effects on action perception.

Keywords:
action observation networkbody representationexperiencemirror neuron systemshared circuits

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Action observation network (AON) activity is influenced by observer expertise.
  • Previous research presents conflicting findings on AON modulation by familiarity with actions or individuals.
  • Understanding how experience shapes action perception is crucial for neuroscience and psychology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how different types and amounts of experience affect AON activation during action observation.
  • To examine the neural responses to actions performed by individuals with and without limb differences.
  • To explore the relationship between expertise, novelty, and AON engagement.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed to measure brain activity.
  • Participants included novices, experienced occupational therapists (OTs), and an individual with a limb difference (CJ).
  • Participants observed video clips of goal-matched actions performed by individuals with and without residual limbs, with varying visual exposure.

Main Results:

  • Novices showed high initial AON response to residual limb actions, which decreased with visual exposure.
  • Experienced OTs exhibited lower initial AON responses, similar to novices post-exposure.
  • Participant CJ, with extensive experience, displayed a significantly increased left-lateralized AON response to residual limb actions.

Conclusions:

  • AON engagement is not linear with experience; both extreme novelty and extreme expertise can lead to heightened AON activity.
  • The findings necessitate a more nuanced model of the action observation network to account for varied experience levels.
  • Expertise, encompassing visual and motoric familiarity, profoundly influences action perception and neural processing.