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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Micelles01:30

Micelles

Micelle formation is an intricate process that hinges on the properties of amphiphilic or amphipathic molecules and the conditions of the system in which they are found. Amphiphilic molecules, which have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts, play a critical role in this process.In aqueous environments, these molecules arrange themselves such that their hydrophilic heads are turned towards the water phase, while their hydrophobic tails are oriented away...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:15

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
06:31

Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

Published on: November 27, 2015

Catanionic gels based on cholic acid derivatives.

M Chiara di Gregorio1, N Viorel Pavel, Javier Miragaya

  • 1Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma "La Sapienza" , P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|September 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Chemically modified bile acids form novel surfactants. Cationic surfactants create pH-dependent hydrogels, while anionic surfactants form micelles. Their mixtures enhance gelation efficiency.

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Published on: January 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bile acids, like cholic acid, are natural molecules with potential for chemical modification.
  • Surfactants derived from natural sources are of interest for sustainable materials development.
  • Self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules is crucial for forming organized structures like gels and micelles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize anionic and cationic surfactants from cholic acid.
  • To investigate the self-assembly behavior of these novel surfactants and their mixtures.
  • To explore the potential of catanionic mixtures for enhanced gelation.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical modification of cholic acid to introduce diamine or dicarboxylic aromatic residues.
  • Characterization of surfactant self-assembly using techniques like small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) or dynamic light scattering (DLS).
  • Preparation and characterization of catanionic mixtures at various molar fractions and concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Cationic surfactant self-assembles into a fiber network with a specific gyration radius, forming pH-dependent hydrogels.
  • Anionic surfactant forms prolate ellipsoid micelles.
  • Catanionic mixtures form fibril gels at lower concentrations than pure cationic surfactants, indicating enhanced gelation efficiency due to electrostatic interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Novel anionic and cationic surfactants can be successfully synthesized from cholic acid.
  • The self-assembly properties of these surfactants differ, leading to distinct structures (fibers, micelles).
  • Catanionic mixtures demonstrate improved gelation capabilities, suggesting their utility in developing efficient gelator systems.