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Related Concept Videos

Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
Development of Blood Vessels01:07

Development of Blood Vessels

The development of the vascular system in a fetus is a complex and intricate process that begins as early as 15 to 16 days post-conception. This process starts outside the embryo, specifically in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, chorion, and connecting stalk. Approximately two days later, the formation of blood vessels occurs within the embryo itself.
The initial formation of this system is facilitated by the small amount of yolk present in the ovum and yolk sac. Blood vessels originate from...
Overview of the Vascular System01:20

Overview of the Vascular System

The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation
06:56

Human Fetal Blood Flow Quantification with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Motion Compensation

Published on: January 7, 2021

Uteroplacental circulation and fetal vascular function and development.

Kent L Thornburg1, Samantha Louey

  • 1Heart Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 3303 SW Bond Ave, CH15H, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA. thornbur@ohsu.edu.

Current Vascular Pharmacology
|September 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Placental blood flow is specialized for fetal development, requiring coordination between maternal and fetal circulations. Understanding and treating disruptions in placental perfusion is crucial for healthy fetal growth.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

  • Placental vasculature exhibits unique maternal and fetal specializations.
  • Coordination between uteroplacental and umbilicoplacental circulations is vital for fetal nutrient supply.
  • Uterine arterial flow must increase significantly to support fetal growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the specialized physiological forces governing placental blood flow.
  • To explore the mechanisms of maternal and fetal vascular adaptation during pregnancy.
  • To identify gaps in understanding placental vascular growth regulation and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on placental vasculature.
  • Analysis of hormonal and endothelial mechanisms in maternal vessel dilation and remodeling.
  • Examination of studies on compromised pregnancies for insights into vascular regulation.

Main Results:

  • Maternal vessels dilate and remodel via hormonal and endothelial mechanisms.
  • Umbilical circulation is established early but functional placental flow begins late in the first trimester.
  • Regulators of vascular tone in the umbilical circulation differ from other organs.

Conclusions:

  • Processes matching placental and fetal growth remain poorly understood.
  • Subtle failures in regulated vascular processes during pregnancy are not fully identified.
  • Effective therapeutic strategies for detrimental placental perfusion are needed.