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Related Concept Videos

Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis01:16

Cellular Injury IV: Necrosis

Necrosis is a form of irreversible cell death caused by severe injury such as ischemia, toxins, or trauma. Unlike programmed cell death, it is an uncontrolled, pathological process that typically provokes inflammation in surrounding tissues.Pathophysiologic ChangesNecrosis begins when cells sustain critical damage, leading to swelling of organelles, particularly mitochondria, and rapid ATP depletion. As energy levels decline, membrane ion pumps fail, leading to calcium influx and eventually,...
Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology01:21

Cytotoxic Edema: Pathophysiology

Cytotoxic edema is a form of cerebral edema characterized by intracellular swelling of neurons, astrocytes, and other glial cells. It develops when the mechanisms responsible for maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane become impaired. Under normal physiological conditions, the sodium–potassium ATPase actively transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, preserving osmotic balance and enabling electrical signaling. This pump requires a continuous supply...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...
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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

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Related Experiment Videos

"Synchronous" multifocal necrotizing fasciitis.

Ilaria Tocco1, Luca Lancerotto, Alex Pontini

  • 1Institute of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.

The Journal of Emergency Medicine
|September 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) can rarely occur in multiple, separate body areas simultaneously. This unusual presentation complicates diagnosis and treatment of this severe soft tissue infection.

Keywords:
fasciainfectionmultifocalnecrotizing fasciitissoft tissues

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a severe, rapidly progressing soft tissue infection requiring urgent treatment.
  • NF's presentation can be misleading, potentially delaying diagnosis and impacting patient outcomes.

Observation:

  • A case of a 44-year-old diabetic male presenting with simultaneous NF in the left arm and right gluteus without preceding trauma.
  • Initial symptoms included nonspecific lower back pain, treated empirically with analgesics and antibiotics.

Findings:

  • The diagnosis of NF was confirmed in two distinct, non-contiguous body regions.
  • This synchronous multifocal presentation is atypical for NF.

Implications:

  • Simultaneous multifocal NF can complicate clinical diagnosis and delay critical treatment initiation.
  • Recognizing atypical presentations is crucial for improving patient outcomes in necrotizing fasciitis.