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Related Concept Videos

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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Gestalt Principles of Perception01:21

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Person perception is influenced by both external behaviors and the observer’s internal characteristics, including personality traits. Individuals with dark personality traits, comprising psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism — collectively known as the dark triad – exhibit manipulative and exploitative tendencies in social contexts. These traits affect how they perceive others and how they are perceived.The Role of Dark Personality Traits in Person PerceptionBlack et al. (2014) explored...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency
08:01

Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

Published on: October 28, 2020

Oxytocin sharpens self-other perceptual boundary.

Valentina Colonnello1, Frances S Chen, Jaak Panksepp

  • 1Department of Psychology, Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.

Psychoneuroendocrinology
|September 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Oxytocin enhances the ability to distinguish between self and others. This neurohormone also promotes positive feelings toward both oneself and unfamiliar individuals.

Keywords:
AwarenessOxytocinSelfSocial cognitionSocial interaction

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

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Published on: June 3, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • Oxytocin is a neurohormone crucial for social behaviors like trust and bonding.
  • Its role in differentiating self from other stimuli remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate oxytocin's effect on the ability to differentiate self-related from other-related stimuli.
  • To explore oxytocin's influence on self-other perception and emotional evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • A placebo-controlled, double-blind study involving 44 healthy men.
  • Intranasal administration of oxytocin or placebo.
  • Facial morphing procedure to assess self-other differentiation latency and pleasantness ratings.

Main Results:

  • Oxytocin administration significantly shortened the time needed to differentiate self from other identities.
  • Participants receiving oxytocin rated their own and unfamiliar faces as similarly pleasant.
  • Oxytocin enhanced the recognition of self-other differences and positive evaluation of others.

Conclusions:

  • Oxytocin improves the ability to distinguish between self and others.
  • Findings suggest a potential link between impaired oxytocin signaling and altered self-recognition in psychopathology.