Modifiable factors associated with tuberculosis disease in children: a case-control study

Area of Science:

• Pediatric infectious diseases
• Public health epidemiology

Background:

• Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, particularly affecting vulnerable populations like children.
• Identifying risk factors for childhood tuberculosis is crucial for effective prevention and control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the epidemiological factors associated with tuberculosis disease in children residing in Lima, Peru.
• To identify potential protective factors and barriers to treatment uptake in pediatric TB cases.

Main Methods:

• A case-control study design was employed.
• Data were collected on close contacts, prior medical history (hospitalization, anemia), and dietary habits (fruit/vegetable consumption).
• Statistical analysis was performed to determine associations between identified factors and tuberculosis disease.

Main Results:

• Close contact with tuberculosis, previous hospitalization, and a history of anemia were significantly associated with an increased risk of tuberculosis disease in children.
• Consuming fruits and vegetables five or more days per week showed a protective association, correlating with a lower rate of disease.
• Isoniazid uptake was found to be low among children with a known history of tuberculosis exposure.

Conclusions:

• Key risk factors for childhood tuberculosis in Lima include exposure, prior hospitalization, and anemia.
• Dietary factors, specifically high fruit and vegetable intake, may play a protective role.
• Low isoniazid uptake highlights a critical gap in preventive treatment for high-risk children.