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Need for Self-Esteem01:27

Need for Self-Esteem

The human need for self-esteem has long intrigued psychologists, leading to the development of several theories that explore its evolutionary and functional significance. Among the most influential are the sociometer, hierometer, and terror management theories. Each offers a unique perspective on why people strive for self-worth and how it shapes behavior and social interaction.Sociometer TheoryAccording to sociometer theory, self-esteem functions as an internal gauge of social acceptance. It...
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison01:27

Sources of Self-Esteem III: Social Comparison

Social comparison plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of personal success and self-worth. Rather than assessing our achievements in isolation, we interpret their significance relative to personal goals and critically in comparison to the performance of others. A grade of B in a mathematics exam might elicit pride if one's expectation was a C, yet result in disappointment if an A was anticipated or if peers achieved superior results. These comparative evaluations illustrate how both...
Trait and State Self-Esteem02:08

Trait and State Self-Esteem

The term self-esteem is often used generically, to refer to how people feel about themselves. However, according to research, there are three distinct constructs that should not be used interchangeably (Brown & Marshall, 2006).
Self-Esteem01:28

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem, a core aspect of psychological well-being, reflects an individual's positive and negative self-evaluation in terms of worth, competence, and overall value. It is both a stable trait and a dynamic process, influenced by experiences and social interactions across the lifespan. While global self-esteem offers a general assessment, research highlights that self-esteem is multidimensional and varies across specific life domains.Domain-Specific Self-EsteemResearchers have delineated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Applying an eMASS Customization Program as a Research Tool to Evaluate Consumer Benefits
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Application of latent variable model in Rosenberg self-esteem scale.

Shing-On Leung1, Hui-Ping Wu

  • 1Centre for Continuing Education University of Macau, Taipa Macau, China, soleung@umac.mo.

Journal of Applied Measurement
|September 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Latent Variable Models (LVM) offer a statistically robust approach to analyzing the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). This method simplifies scoring and identifies distinct factors, validating conventional practices.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychological Measurement
  • Statistical Modeling

Background:

  • The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) is widely used but its psychometric properties can be refined.
  • Traditional scoring methods may require item recoding, adding complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply Latent Variable Models (LVM) to the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES).
  • To investigate the factor structure and scoring of the RSES using advanced statistical techniques.
  • To evaluate the validity of LVM in comparison to conventional methods.

Main Methods:

  • Latent Variable Models (LVM) were employed for the analysis of the RSES.
  • Parameter estimation was used to identify item properties and factor loadings.
  • Item characteristic curves and goodness-of-fit measures were utilized for evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Parameter estimates automatically handled negatively worded items, eliminating the need for recoding.
  • Two primary factors were identified: self-esteem and a tendency towards moderate views.
  • The LVM-derived scaling showed a high correlation with conventional scoring methods.

Conclusions:

  • Latent Variable Models provide a statistically sound and efficient method for analyzing the RSES.
  • The identified factors offer a nuanced understanding of self-esteem, including the often-overlooked aspect of moderate viewpoints.
  • The findings support the validity of current practices in RSES administration and scoring.