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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy
10:39

Advanced Imaging of Lung Homing Human Lymphocytes in an Experimental In Vivo Model of Allergic Inflammation Based on Light-sheet Microscopy

Published on: April 16, 2019

Airway structural cells regulate TLR5-mediated mucosal adjuvant activity.

L Van Maele1, D Fougeron1, L Janot2

  • 11] Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, Lille, France [2] Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Lille, France [3] Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lille, France [4] Univ Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.

Mucosal Immunology
|September 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flagellin enhances mucosal immunity via Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) signaling in airway epithelial cells, not immune cells. This finding suggests targeting structural cells can improve mucosal vaccines.

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Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Vaccine adjuvants enhance antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation.
  • Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are commonly used adjuvants, with their activity often attributed to direct APC activation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of non-hematopoietic cells in flagellin's mucosal adjuvant activity.
  • To determine if Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) stimulation in non-hematopoietic cells contributes to flagellin's mucosal adjuvant effects.

Main Methods:

  • Nasal administration of flagellin in a mouse model.
  • Assessment of T-cell-mediated immunity, antibody responses, and TLR5 signaling.
  • Abrogation of TLR5 signaling in hematopoietic cells and use of neutralizing antibodies.

Main Results:

  • Flagellin administration enhanced T-cell immunity and antibody responses in a TLR5-dependent manner.
  • Mucosal adjuvant activity was independent of TLR5 signaling in hematopoietic cells.
  • Flagellin was degraded in airways, suggesting regionalized TLR5 signaling.
  • Airway epithelial cells expressing TLR5 regulated the early immune response to flagellin.
  • Flagellin stimulated epithelial cells to produce CCL20, promoting APC recruitment.

Conclusions:

  • The adjuvant activity of TLR agonists in mucosal vaccination may involve TLR stimulation of structural cells, such as airway epithelial cells.
  • Targeting epithelial cells with adjuvants holds potential for improving mucosal vaccine efficacy.