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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions01:16

Drug toxicity: Idiosyncratic Reactions

Idiosyncratic drug reactions represent abnormal chemical responses that vary significantly among individuals, ranging from extreme sensitivity to low doses to insensitivity to high doses. These reactions often occur due to the drug's covalent binding with serum proteins, forming a foreign hapten that triggers an immunotoxicological response. The variability in drug reactions has a strong pharmacogenetic foundation, with genetic differences crucial in how individuals metabolize drugs. For...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
11:04

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

Published on: September 7, 2019

Metallothionein polymorphisms in pathological processes.

Martina Raudenska1, Jaromir Gumulec, Ondrej Podlaha

  • 1Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic. masarik@med.muni.cz.

Metallomics : Integrated Biometal Science
|September 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metallothionein (MT) gene variations influence health, impacting detoxification and antioxidant defenses. These genetic differences are linked to diseases like cancer and type 2 diabetes, suggesting their use as disease biomarkers.

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Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS
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Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS

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Setup of Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) for Quantification of Iron Redox Species (Fe(II), Fe(III))
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Setup of Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) for Quantification of Iron Redox Species (Fe(II), Fe(III))

Published on: May 4, 2020

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides
11:04

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

Published on: September 7, 2019

Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS
09:51

Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS

Published on: April 13, 2016

Setup of Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) for Quantification of Iron Redox Species (Fe(II), Fe(III))
04:48

Setup of Capillary Electrophoresis-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) for Quantification of Iron Redox Species (Fe(II), Fe(III))

Published on: May 4, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology and genetics
  • Biochemistry of metalloproteins
  • Clinical pathology and disease associations

Background:

  • Metallothioneins (MTs) are cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight proteins crucial for metal metabolism.
  • MTs provide cellular protection against toxins, radiation, and oxidative stress.
  • Genetic variations in MTs are increasingly recognized for their physiological and pathological relevance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evidence on polymorphisms in major human metallothionein genes (MT1, MT2, MT3, MT4).
  • To explore the relationship between MT polymorphisms and various pathological processes.
  • To assess the potential of MTs as genetic markers for specific diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies investigating human MT gene polymorphisms.
  • Analysis of associations between identified MT polymorphisms and disease states.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on MT function in health and disease contexts.

Main Results:

  • Common polymorphisms in human MT genes (MT1, MT2, MT3, MT4) have been identified.
  • These polymorphisms are associated with an increased risk or complications of western lifestyle diseases.
  • Specific examples include associations with cancer, atherosclerosis complications, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Conclusions:

  • Metallothionein polymorphisms represent significant genetic factors influencing health outcomes.
  • MT gene variations are linked to susceptibility and progression of major chronic diseases.
  • MT polymorphisms hold promise as valuable genetic markers for risk stratification and personalized medicine.