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Related Concept Videos

Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Stable Aqueous Suspensions of Manganese Ferrite Clusters with Tunable Nanoscale Dimension and Composition
10:45

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Published on: February 5, 2022

Structural Analysis of Cubane-Type Iron Clusters.

Lay Ling Tan1, R H Holm, Sonny C Lee

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada.

Polyhedron
|September 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new protocol to analyze the geometric properties of cubane-type [M4Q4] clusters, revealing deviations from perfect T symmetry in over 130 iron-containing clusters.

Keywords:
cubane-type clustersidealized Td symmetrymolecular volumesstructural analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Generalized cluster type [M4(μ3-Q)4L] features a cubane-type [M4Q4] core.
  • This core structure often deviates from perfect T symmetry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a new protocol for analyzing the geometric properties of [M4Q4] clusters.
  • To quantify deviations from ideal T symmetry in these structures.
  • To identify general structural features and trends.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of expressions for interatomic separations, bond angles, and volumes using M and Q atom coordinates.
  • Calculation of structural parameters from observed average values.
  • Comparison of calculated and observed values to measure symmetry deviation.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of over 130 clusters containing [Fe4Q4] units (Q = S2-, Se2-, Te2-, [NPR3]-, [NR]2-).
  • Sulfide-bridged clusters form the largest subset.
  • Identification of general structural features and trends in parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The developed protocol effectively measures deviations from tetrahedral symmetry in [M4Q4] clusters.
  • A comprehensive database of structural properties has been compiled.
  • Insights into the structural diversity of these important inorganic clusters were gained.