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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading01:12

General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading

Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
Consider a member subjected to equal and opposite forces that are applied along a line that does not coincide with the member's neutral axis. In unsymmetrical bending,...
Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry01:16

Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

Eccentric axial loading occurs when an axial load is applied away from the centroidal axis of a structural member. This scenario is common in engineering, where structural elements may not be directly aligned due to various design or functional requirements.
Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
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Eccentric Loading01:16

Eccentric Loading

Eccentric loading is a crucial concept in the study of structural engineering and mechanics, particularly when analyzing the stability and stress distribution in columns. Unlike centric loading, where the force is applied along the centroidal axis, causing uniform compression, eccentric loading occurs when a force is applied off-center. This off-center application introduces not only direct compressive stress but also bending stress, significantly influencing the column's behavior under load.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Mouse Lumbar Vertebra Uniaxial Compression Testing with Embedding of the Loading Surface
07:52

Mouse Lumbar Vertebra Uniaxial Compression Testing with Embedding of the Loading Surface

Published on: December 1, 2023

Carrying and spine loading.

J D Rose1, E Mendel, W S Marras

  • 1a Biodynamics Laboratory, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH 43210 , USA.

Ergonomics
|October 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carrying objects close to the body minimizes lumbar spine loading. Backpacks resulted in the lowest spine loads, while carrying items in front increased anterior/posterior shear forces.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Mouse Lumbar Vertebra Uniaxial Compression Testing with Embedding of the Loading Surface
07:52

Mouse Lumbar Vertebra Uniaxial Compression Testing with Embedding of the Loading Surface

Published on: December 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Occupational Health
  • Ergonomics

Background:

  • Spine loading during object carrying is not fully understood.
  • Previous research used limited methods or carrying conditions.
  • Interacting factors influencing spine loading require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess lumbar spine loads across various carrying methods, weights, and activities.
  • To investigate the biomechanical effects of different carrying styles on the spine.
  • To identify carrying strategies that minimize spinal stress.

Main Methods:

  • 16 subjects performed six carrying styles under varied weight and activity levels.
  • Subject-specific biomechanical models analyzed full lumbar spine forces.
  • Concurrent physiological measures were not the primary focus.

Main Results:

  • Most carrying methods produced low spine loading.
  • Anterior/posterior (A/P) shear loading was the most significant biomechanical factor.
  • Carrying bins in front significantly increased A/P shear due to larger moment arms.
  • Backpack carrying demonstrated particularly low spine loads.

Conclusions:

  • Positioning loads close to the body is optimal for reducing spine loading.
  • Carrying methods that increase anterior/posterior shear should be avoided.
  • Backpack use appears to be a biomechanically favorable carrying method for the spine.