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Related Concept Videos

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions01:17

Cerebellum: Anatomical Regions

The cerebellum, also known as the "little brain," is located in the posterior cranial fossa, inferior to the tentorium cerebelli and dorsal to the brainstem. It plays a significant role in motor control, coordination, and proprioception.
Cerebellar Structure
Externally, the cerebellum features a highly convoluted surface with numerous folia (narrow ridges) separated by shallow sulci (grooves). The cerebellum is divided into two hemispheres by a thin median structure known as the vermis. The...
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis
08:51

Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis

Published on: December 5, 2020

Cerebellar mutism.

Marina Pitsika1, Vassilios Tsitouras

  • 1Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Mitera Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.

Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics
|October 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cerebellar mutism syndrome, often seen after posterior fossa tumor surgery in children, requires better understanding. Research highlights risk factors like tumor location and impacts neurocognitive outcomes, necessitating advanced imaging and trials for prevention and treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Neuro-oncology

Background:

  • Cerebellar mutism is a recognized complication following posterior fossa tumor surgery, particularly in pediatric patients.
  • This review synthesizes current knowledge on cerebellar mutism syndrome, encompassing pathophysiology, risk factors, epidemiology, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes.

Observation:

  • The PubMed database was searched for English-language literature on cerebellar mutism and related terms.
  • Publications were selected based on relevance and reference lists of identified articles.
  • Recent prospective studies and reviews have significantly advanced the understanding of cerebellar mutism syndrome.

Findings:

  • The incidence of cerebellar mutism syndrome in children undergoing medulloblastoma surgery is approximately 24%.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis
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Cerebellar Regional Dissection for Molecular Analysis

Published on: December 5, 2020

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion via the External Carotid Artery
07:26

Modeling Stroke in Mice: Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion via the External Carotid Artery

Published on: May 24, 2021

  • Key risk factors include brainstem involvement and midline tumor location.
  • Damage to dentate-thalamo-cortical tracts, especially from the right cerebellar hemisphere, is implicated in the pathophysiology.
  • Moderate to severe forms are common initially, and neurocognitive outcomes are less favorable than previously reported.
  • Advanced neuroimaging may aid in identifying high-risk patients preoperatively.

    • Implications:

    • Improved terminology and classification enhance research focus and identification of cerebellar mutism syndrome.
    • Surgical planning should prioritize maximal tumor resection while minimizing damage to neural structures.
    • Multicenter trials are crucial for establishing evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies, potentially involving pharmacological agents and multidisciplinary therapies.