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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

Published on: February 2, 2017

Surrogate measures and consistent surrogates.

Tyler J Vanderweele¹

¹Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, U.S.A.

|October 1, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores the "surrogate paradox," where a treatment benefits a surrogate marker but harms the actual outcome. New conditions for consistent surrogates prevent this paradox, ensuring reliable treatment effect prediction.

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Area of Science:

Biostatistics
Clinical Trial Design
Epidemiology

Background:

Surrogate outcomes are crucial when primary outcomes are difficult to measure.
The

Purpose of the Study:

To identify conditions that prevent the

Main Methods:

Investigated conditions for consistent surrogates.
Analyzed direct effects, confounding, and transitivity.

Main Results:

The surrogate paradox arises from direct treatment effects, confounding, or lack of transitivity.
Identified sufficient conditions to avoid the paradox for consistent surrogates.

Conclusions:

Understanding these conditions ensures reliable prediction of treatment effects using surrogates.
Relates findings to existing criteria for evaluating surrogate outcomes.