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Related Concept Videos

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins

Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis01:20

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis

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Coagulation01:09

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The human X chromosome contains over ten times the number of genes as in the Y chromosome. Since males have only one X chromosome, and females have two, one might expect females to produce twice as many of the proteins, with undesirable results.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Extracellular Vesicle Tissue Factor Activity Assay
03:53

Extracellular Vesicle Tissue Factor Activity Assay

Published on: December 29, 2023

An acquired, calcium-dependent, factor X inhibitor.

George J Broze1

  • 1Division of Hematology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.

Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases
|October 1, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A rare acquired factor X deficiency was caused by a calcium-dependent antibody that targets factor X. This antibody also recognized prothrombin and factor VII, impacting diagnostic tests.

Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunology
  • Coagulation Disorders

Background:

  • Acquired factor X (FX) deficiency is a rare bleeding disorder.
  • It is often associated with autoantibodies, but anti-FX antibodies are infrequently detected.
  • This case describes a patient with severe bleeding due to a specific anti-FX antibody.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with severe bleeding.
  • The bleeding was attributed to a calcium ion-dependent anti-FX IgG antibody.
  • The purified antibody bound the light chain of FX, requiring calcium ions for enhanced binding (>1000-fold).

Findings:

  • The antibody demonstrated cross-reactivity with prothrombin (100-fold lower affinity) and factor VII (1000-fold lower affinity).
  • In functional assays, increasing phospholipid concentrations reduced the antibody's inhibitory activity, similar to lupus anticoagulants.
Keywords:
AcquiredCalcium-dependentFactor XInhibitor

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

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  • The antibody's binding was dependent on the γ-carboxyglutamic acid domain of FX.

    • Implications:

    • Understanding the antibody's characteristics is crucial for accurate laboratory diagnosis of acquired FX deficiency.
    • The calcium-dependency and phospholipid interactions offer insights into the antibody's mechanism of action.
    • This case highlights the importance of considering specific autoantibodies in unexplained bleeding disorders.