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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

Published on: October 5, 2020

Design and evaluation of small, linear QWERTY keyboards.

Han-Chi Hsiao¹, Fong-Gong Wu¹, Chien-Hsu Chen¹

¹Department of Industrial Design, National Cheng Kung University, 1, Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan, Taiwan 70101, Taiwan, ROC.

Applied Ergonomics

|October 1, 2013

Summary

This study evaluated miniature keyboard designs for mobile devices. Rectangular keycaps with separated numerals offered the best speed, comfort, and acceptance, though all miniature designs were slower than conventional keyboards.

Keywords:

Ergonomic keyboard Keyboard design Miniature keyboard

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Area of Science:

Human-Computer Interaction
Ergonomics
Mobile Device Technology

Background:

The demand for compact mobile devices necessitates innovative input solutions.
Miniature keyboards aim to maximize user display area while maintaining usability.
Evaluating user performance with novel keyboard configurations is crucial for design optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the input speed, accuracy, comfort, likability, and learnability of four distinct miniature keyboard designs.
To compare user performance across different miniature keyboard configurations against conventional designs.
To identify optimal design features for miniature keyboards based on user feedback and performance metrics.

Main Methods:

Developed four miniature keyboard prototypes with varied configurations and layouts.
Recruited 32 participants (16 fast typists, 16 slow typists) for usability testing.
Collected data on input speed, accuracy, comfort, likability, and learnability for each design.

Main Results:

Miniature keyboards with rectangular keycaps (3 letters) and separated numeral keycaps demonstrated superior proficiency speed, comfort, and user acceptance.
Keyboards featuring square-shaped keycaps exhibited higher input accuracy than those with rectangular keycaps.
All tested miniature keyboard designs were outperformed by conventional keyboards in terms of overall performance.

Conclusions:

The combination of rectangular keycaps for letters and separated numeral keycaps presents a promising design for miniature keyboards.
While miniature keyboards offer space-saving advantages, further research is needed to bridge the performance gap with conventional keyboards.
User-centric design principles, focusing on speed, comfort, and accuracy, are vital for advancing miniature keyboard technology.