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Related Concept Videos

Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

A Live-cell Image-Based Machine Learning Strategy to Monitor Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation
11:38

A Live-cell Image-Based Machine Learning Strategy to Monitor Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: October 4, 2024

Intercellular protein expression variability as a feature of stem cell pluripotency.

Margit Rosner, Markus Hengstschläger

    Amino Acids
    |October 1, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Understanding intercellular variability is crucial for defining human stem cell pluripotency. Further research is needed to clarify its origins and impact on stemness for safe therapeutic applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Stem cell biology
    • Cellular heterogeneity

    Background:

    • Stringent pluripotency criteria for human stem cells include protein marker expression, self-renewal, differentiation potential across three germlines, and teratoma formation.
    • Intercellular variability is emerging as a potential defining characteristic of pluripotent stem cells.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To highlight the importance of understanding intercellular variability in pluripotent stem cells.
    • To emphasize the need for investigating the origins of this variability before clinical or research applications.
    • To underscore the necessity of examining intercellular variability for each pluripotency feature separately.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current pluripotency criteria for human stem cells.
    • Discussion of the emerging concept of intercellular variability.

    More Related Videos

    Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
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    Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

    Published on: July 30, 2016

    Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures
    08:32

    Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures

    Published on: March 27, 2019

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 7, 2026

    A Live-cell Image-Based Machine Learning Strategy to Monitor Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation
    11:38

    A Live-cell Image-Based Machine Learning Strategy to Monitor Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation

    Published on: October 4, 2024

    Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming
    08:56

    Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

    Published on: July 30, 2016

    Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures
    08:32

    Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures

    Published on: March 27, 2019

    Main Results:

    • Intercellular variability is a discussed putative property of pluripotent stem cells.
    • Clarifying the genesis of intercellular variability is essential for future stem cell applications.

    Conclusions:

    • Further investigation into the origins of intercellular variability is required for each stem cell line.
    • Separate analysis of intercellular variability for each pluripotency feature is indispensable for a comprehensive understanding of stemness.