Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Self-Discrepancy Theory

One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...

Drug Dependence

Drug Dependence

Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...

Instinctive Drift

Instinctive Drift

Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

[Association of serum uric acid level with pre-frailty and frailty in older adults].

Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine]·2026

Same author

[A case of left ventricular apical hypoplasia].

Zhonghua xin xue guan bing za zhi·2026

Same author

MTAP loss is frequent in oncogene-driven NSCLC and may confer sensitivity to combined PRMT5 inhibitors and targeted therapies.

Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology·2026

Same author

The value of low-energy images combined with deep learning image reconstruction to improve image quality, reduce radiation and contrast doses in dual-energy computed tomography (CT) portal venography in cirrhotic patients.

Clinical radiology·2025

Same author

[Personalized milled primary denture restoration for a pediatric patient with severe congenital tooth agenesis: a case report].

Zhonghua kou qiang yi xue za zhi = Zhonghua kouqiang yixue zazhi = Chinese journal of stomatology·2025

Same author

[Changes of intestinal microflora in patients with colorectal benign and malignant tumors in high altitude area and comparison with the normal population in low altitude area].

Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

Published on: November 4, 2011

Have We Hatched the Addiction Egg: Reward Deficiency Syndrome Solution System™

Bw Downs¹, M Oscar-Berman, Rl Waite

¹Department of Nutrigenomics, LifeGen, Inc., Austin, Texas, USA.

Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy

|October 1, 2013

Summary

This study proposes a paradigm shift in treating behavioral disorders, suggesting a "Reward Deficiency Solution System" to address failures in reducing substance abuse and related tragedies. The new approach targets the root causes of

Keywords:

Addiction Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) dopamine Standard of Care

More Related Videos

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

Published on: November 6, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

Published on: November 4, 2011

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

Published on: February 20, 2019

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

Published on: November 6, 2018

Area of Science:

Neurobiology
Psychology
Addiction Medicine

Background:

Substance abuse and behavioral disorders result in significant loss of life.
Current treatment targets may be ineffective in reducing the incidence of 'Bad Behaviors'.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a paradigm shift in understanding and treating behavioral disorders.
To introduce the 'Reward Deficiency Solution System' as a novel therapeutic approach.

Main Methods:

Multidisciplinary collaboration involving scientists, physicians, clinicians, and researchers.
Review of existing evidence on behavioral disorders and addiction.

Main Results:

Evidence supporting the inadequacy of current treatment targets.
Conceptual framework for the 'Reward Deficiency Solution System'.

Conclusions:

A new system is needed to effectively address substance abuse and behavioral disorders.
The 'Reward Deficiency Solution System' offers a promising alternative for treatment.