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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are not...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Identifying Frailty Using Point-of-Care Ultrasonography: Image Acquisition and Assessment
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Published on: July 26, 2024

Pharmaceutical interventions for frailty and sarcopenia.

Olga Laosa, Cristina Alonso, Marta Castro

  • 1Sº de Geriatria, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Ctra. de Toledo, Km. 12,5, 28905-GETAFE, Spain. lrodriguez.hugf@salud.madrid.org.

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|October 2, 2013
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Summary

Frailty, a syndrome of aging, increases risks for older adults. Interventions targeting frailty mechanisms, like sarcopenia, may prevent disability and adverse outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Frailty is a significant clinical syndrome in older adults, characterized by a loss of functional reserve.
  • It results from aging combined with stressors like chronic disease, leading to adverse outcomes such as disability, falls, hospitalization, and death.
  • Key mechanisms involve hormonal, inflammatory, immune, oxidative stress, and vascular systems, with sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass and function) being a primary component.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of frailty syndrome, its underlying mechanisms, and potential therapeutic interventions.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological approaches, particularly hormone replacement therapy, in managing frailty.
  • To highlight the need for further research into novel therapeutic targets for frailty prevention and management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on frailty syndrome, its pathophysiology, and pharmacological interventions.
  • Analysis of experimental data and clinical trial outcomes related to frailty treatments.
  • Focus on interventions targeting hormonal pathways, sarcopenia, inflammation, and oxidative stress.

Main Results:

  • Hormone replacement therapy has shown limited benefits in frailty, with testosterone being a notable exception.
  • Other interventions like antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and nutritional supplements have demonstrated limited effectiveness or require further investigation.
  • Sarcopenia is a critical factor in frailty, and interventions addressing muscle loss are crucial.

Conclusions:

  • Frailty is a treatable condition that, when managed, can prevent disability in older populations.
  • Further research is essential to identify new therapeutic targets and develop successful interventions for frailty.
  • A comprehensive approach targeting multiple systems involved in frailty is necessary for effective management.