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Related Concept Videos

Appendicitis01:19

Appendicitis

Appendicitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the vermiform appendix, most commonly caused by obstruction of its lumen. The appendix is a narrow, blind-ended pouch that extends from the cecum, making it particularly prone to obstruction. Causes include fecaliths, lymphoid hyperplasia (often after viral infections), parasites, tumors, or foreign bodies. This obstruction initiates a cascade of pathological changes.Luminal Obstruction and Early InflammationAfter obstruction, normal mucosal...
Appendicitis-I: Introduction01:22

Appendicitis-I: Introduction

The appendix, a small, narrow, blind tube extending from the inferior part of the cecum, is widely regarded as a vestigial organ, having lost much of its original function through evolution. Despite its diminished role, the appendix can become inflamed, a condition known as appendicitis.
Etiology: Appendicitis can arise from various causes, primarily rooted in the obstruction of the appendix lumen. Factors contributing to this obstruction include fecal accumulation, lymphoid hyperplasia and, in...
Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
Appendicitis-II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:29

Appendicitis-II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Diagnosing and managing appendicitis requires a structured and comprehensive approach that spans from initial assessment to postoperative care. Here is an overview of the process:
Diagnosing Appendicitis
It requires a multifaceted approach, starting with a detailed physical examination to pinpoint the location and nature of the pain and identify any associated symptoms. Laboratory tests play a crucial role. A complete Blood Count (CBC) typically reveals leukocytosis (an increased number of...
Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
Cholecystitis01:20

Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, most commonly caused by obstruction of the cystic duct. This blockage prevents bile from draining, leading to gallbladder distension, inflammation, and potentially serious complications. This condition may present acutely or chronically and can happen with or without gallstones.EtiologyAbout 95% of cholecystitis cases are calculous, caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct, leading to bile accumulation and inflammation of the gallbladder...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis
08:56

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

Published on: February 10, 2015

Bilirubin; a diagnostic marker for appendicitis.

N D'Souza1, D Karim, R Sunthareswaran

  • 1Poole Hospital, UK.

International Journal of Surgery (London, England)
|October 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hyperbilirubinaemia is a highly specific marker for appendicitis, especially perforated cases. This study confirms its diagnostic value compared to white blood cell count and C-reactive protein in patients with right iliac fossa pain.

Keywords:
AppendicitisDiagnostic techniques and proceduresHyperbilirubinaemiaSensitivity and specificity

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis
08:56

Bile Duct Ligation in Mice: Induction of Inflammatory Liver Injury and Fibrosis by Obstructive Cholestasis

Published on: February 10, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Diagnostic Markers
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Accurate diagnosis of appendicitis is crucial for emergency general surgeons.
  • Hyperbilirubinaemia shows potential as a specific marker for appendicitis, outperforming WBC and CRP in prior research.
  • This marker is underutilized in clinical appendicitis diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between hyperbilirubinaemia and appendicitis.
  • To evaluate the diagnostic utility of bilirubin in differentiating simple from perforated appendicitis.
  • To compare the diagnostic performance of bilirubin with serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count (WBC).

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study at a single center.
  • Inclusion of patients admitted with right iliac fossa (RIF) pain undergoing liver function tests.
  • Statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test to compare bilirubin, WBC, and CRP levels across appendicitis severity and normal appendices.

Main Results:

  • Hyperbilirubinaemia significantly associated with appendicitis (p < 0.0001).
  • Bilirubin demonstrated higher specificity (0.96) than WBC (0.71) and CRP (0.62) for appendicitis, but lower sensitivity (0.27).
  • Hyperbilirubinaemia was significantly linked to perforated appendicitis (p < 0.0001), with higher specificity (0.82) than WBC and CRP.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperbilirubinaemia is a highly specific indicator for acute appendicitis, particularly perforated cases.
  • This marker effectively distinguishes appendicitis from other causes of RIF pain, especially non-surgical conditions.
  • Bilirubin's high specificity supports its role in improving appendicitis diagnosis.