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Related Concept Videos

Karyotyping01:17

Karyotyping

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Karyotyping01:17

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Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by a...
Nondisjunction01:21

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.
Nondisjunction01:29

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Chromosome Preparation From Cultured Cells
07:42

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Published on: January 28, 2014

How to correct chromosomal trisomy.

Christine M Disteche1

  • 1Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle WA98115, USA.

Cell Research
|October 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers silenced the extra chromosome in Down syndrome cells using XIST RNA. This approach restored normal gene expression and improved neural cell development, offering hope for treating this incurable genetic disorder.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Trisomy 21, or Down syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
  • It leads to a range of developmental abnormalities, intellectual disability, and increased risk of certain diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of silencing the extra chromosome in trisomy 21 cells.
  • To explore methods for reversing some of the deleterious effects of Down syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized XIST, a non-coding RNA known for X chromosome inactivation in females.
  • Applied XIST to silence the additional chromosome 21 in human trisomy 21 cells.

Main Results:

  • Successfully restored normal gene expression patterns in trisomy 21 cells.
  • Observed improved growth and differentiation of neural cells derived from treated cells.

Conclusions:

  • Silencing the extra chromosome using XIST is a viable strategy to correct gene expression in Down syndrome.
  • This approach shows promise for developing novel therapeutic interventions for Down syndrome.