Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 7, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
Published on: August 28, 2020
Male incontinence: onabotulinum toxin A and sacral nerve stimulation
Tina G Rashid1, Jeremy L Ockrim
1University College London Hospital, London, UK.
Purpose Of Review:
Overactive bladder affects 10-12% of men, of which 13% are refractory to medical therapy and seek second-line treatment. This places a substantial clinical and economic burden on the National Health Service United Kingdom.
Recent Findings:
This review identifies current evidence for the use of onabotulinum toxin A and sacral nerve neuromodulation for the treatment of overactive bladder in patients who do not respond to optimal medical treatment. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation is not covered here. Clinical and financial implications of the treatments are reviewed.
Summary:
The focus will remain on recently published evidence, which may be useful to clinicians managing refractory patients.
Related Concept Videos
Male Sexual Response: Erection & Ejaculation
The blood filling the erectile tissues compresses the veins, which helps to prevent blood from leaving...
The Micturition Reflex
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra
Urinary Bladder
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...