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Related Concept Videos

The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management01:17

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs like...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
06:37

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

Published on: April 4, 2025

Urinary incontinence in children with special needs.

Alexander von Gontard1

  • 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Saarland University Hospital, 66421 Homburg, Germany. alexander.von.gontard@uks.eu.

Nature Reviews. Urology
|October 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Children with special needs, including intellectual disability, experience higher rates of urinary and fecal incontinence. Early, multimodal treatment is crucial for managing these conditions and preventing long-term issues.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Urology
  • Developmental Disabilities

Background:

  • Children with special needs exhibit higher prevalences of lower urinary tract symptoms and incontinence compared to typically developing peers.
  • Intellectual disability, often stemming from diverse causes, is strongly associated with increased risks of urinary and fecal incontinence.
  • Conditions like Fragile X syndrome, Rett syndrome, and physical disabilities linked to low intelligence quotient (IQ) elevate incontinence risk, potentially persisting into adulthood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the increased prevalence of incontinence in children with special needs.
  • To emphasize the need for comprehensive assessment and multimodal treatment strategies.
  • To identify specific conditions associated with higher incontinence rates and suggest areas for further research.

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Published on: April 4, 2025

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological and clinical studies on incontinence in children with special needs.
  • Analysis of associations between specific developmental disorders and incontinence.
  • Identification of treatment gaps and recommendations for care.

Main Results:

  • Children with special needs demonstrate significantly higher rates of nocturnal enuresis, daytime urinary incontinence, and fecal incontinence.
  • Specific conditions like intellectual disability, Fragile X, and Rett syndromes are key risk factors.
  • While associations with ADHD are noted, further research is needed for conditions like autism.

Conclusions:

  • Children with special needs require specialized, multimodal treatment approaches for incontinence.
  • Early and rigorous assessment of incontinence, underlying conditions, and comorbidities is essential.
  • Addressing incontinence in this population is critical to improve quality of life and prevent chronic issues.