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Updated: May 7, 2026

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System
Published on: May 9, 2021
Formation and dynamics of a toroidal bubble during laser propelling a cavity object in water
Abstract:
We captured stable self-oscillations of a toroidal bubble moving away from a laser propelled cavity object in water using a high-speed imaging system. The entire laser propelling process generates a hemispherical bubble, two toroidal bubbles, and a microbubble cluster. The hemispherical bubble is formed by laser breakdown in water. The toroidal bubbles are formed by the variation of the pressure field as a result of the propagation, reflection, and convergence of the laser plasma shockwave in the cavity.
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