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Related Concept Videos

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
Drug Regulation01:25

Drug Regulation

Drug regulation encompasses the management of drug usage by evaluating its safety and efficacy through assessments conducted by regulatory authorities. Regrettably, the history of drug regulation is marred by several catastrophic events. One such incident is the Elixir Sulfanilamide tragedy, in which the toxic compound diethyl glycol was included in a sweet-tasting medication, leading to numerous fatalities. This event prompted the enactment of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act in 1938. Under...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are typically...
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
Solution Equilibrium and Saturation01:59

Solution Equilibrium and Saturation

Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this process until the sugar concentration of the solution reaches its natural limit, a limit determined primarily by the relative strengths of the solute-solute, solute-solvent, and solvent-solvent attractive forces. You can be certain that you have reached this limit because, no matter how long you stir the solution, undissolved sugar remains. The...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Analysis and Specification of Starch Granule Size Distributions
08:46

Analysis and Specification of Starch Granule Size Distributions

Published on: March 4, 2021

Should hydroxyethyl starch solutions be totally banned?

Jean-Louis Vincent, John A Kellum, Andrew Shaw

    Critical Care (London, England)
    |October 3, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    The use of hydroxyethyl starch solutions in intensive care units is debated due to safety concerns. Current data may not be sufficient to fully assess their risk-benefit balance for all patients.

    Area of Science:

    • Critical Care Medicine
    • Pharmacology
    • Patient Safety

    Background:

    • Intravenous fluid selection is a critical decision in intensive care.
    • Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions have been widely used but face scrutiny.
    • Safety concerns have led to a shift away from HES use.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the current evidence on the risk-benefit profile of HES solutions.
    • To determine if existing data justify a complete withdrawal of HES from hospitals.
    • To inform clinical practice regarding HES use in intensive care.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic review of safety and efficacy data for HES solutions.
    • Analysis of clinical trials and observational studies.
    • Risk-benefit assessment based on available evidence.

    More Related Videos

    Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
    15:33

    Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

    Published on: October 29, 2013

    Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements
    09:13

    Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements

    Published on: July 13, 2016

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 7, 2026

    Analysis and Specification of Starch Granule Size Distributions
    08:46

    Analysis and Specification of Starch Granule Size Distributions

    Published on: March 4, 2021

    Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
    15:33

    Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

    Published on: October 29, 2013

    Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements
    09:13

    Hydroponics: A Versatile System to Study Nutrient Allocation and Plant Responses to Nutrient Availability and Exposure to Toxic Elements

    Published on: July 13, 2016

    Main Results:

    • Data on HES safety and efficacy remain debated.
    • The risk-benefit balance may vary significantly between patient populations.
    • Insufficient evidence may exist to warrant a complete removal of HES.

    Conclusions:

    • Further research is needed to clarify the role of HES in intensive care.
    • Individualized patient assessment is crucial when considering HES.
    • A nuanced approach to HES use is recommended over complete withdrawal.