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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
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Dementia l: Introduction

Dementia is an acquired, progressive syndrome characterized by a decline in multiple cognitive domains severe enough to impair daily functioning and reduce independence. Although memory loss is a central feature, the diagnosis requires additional deficits involving language, executive function, visuospatial skills, judgment, calculation, or abstract reasoning. These cognitive impairments reflect underlying neurodegenerative or vascular processes that gradually disrupt neuronal networks...
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
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Related Experiment Video

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Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
08:29

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Published on: December 18, 2016

Corpus callosum in aging and dementia.

Kristian Steen Frederiksen1

  • 1Danish Dementia Research Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. kristian.steen.frederiksen@regionh.dk.

Danish Medical Journal
|October 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Corpus callosum (CC) atrophy, particularly in the posterior, is an early indicator of Alzheimer's disease progression and dementia risk. CC tissue loss also impairs processing speed and motor function in aging individuals.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • The corpus callosum (CC) is crucial for interhemispheric communication, yet its role in cognitive and motor decline during aging and dementia has been historically underestimated.
  • While Alzheimer's disease (AD) is linked to CC atrophy, the specific subregional patterns and their association with disease progression and cognitive deficits require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate morphological changes in the corpus callosum (CC) in aging and dementia.
  • To determine the relationship between CC atrophy patterns and cognitive/motor decline, including processing speed, executive function, and motor deficits.
  • To establish the early indicators of CC atrophy in Alzheimer's disease and its association with disease progression and dementia risk.

Main Methods:

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  • Longitudinal examination of a cohort of 329 elderly subjects.
  • Analysis of corpus callosum (CC) subregional atrophy patterns using neuroimaging techniques.
  • Correlation of CC tissue loss with cognitive assessments (processing speed, executive function, memory) and motor function evaluations.

Main Results:

  • Posterior CC atrophy is an early pathological event in Alzheimer's disease (AD), associated with faster disease progression.
  • A higher rate of posterior CC tissue loss in elderly subjects is linked to an increased risk of developing dementia.
  • CC tissue loss selectively impairs processing speed and motor function, but not memory or executive functions.

Conclusions:

  • Posterior CC atrophy represents an early marker in AD, preceding anterior CC involvement.
  • Corpus callosum integrity is vital for maintaining processing speed and motor function in aging and dementia.
  • These findings underscore the CC's significant role in age-associated cognitive and motor deficits, extending beyond a corticocentric view of brain function.