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Related Concept Videos

The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...
The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...
Prokaryotic DNA Replication01:32

Prokaryotic DNA Replication

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...
The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...
DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA replication uses a large number of...
S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication02:38

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

The cell cycle is a series of events leading to DNA duplication followed by the division of cell content to form two daughter cells. The cell cycle progresses in four stages—the cell increases in size (gap 1 or G1-phase), duplicates its DNA (synthesis or S-phase), prepares to divide (gap 2 or G2-phase), and divides (mitosis or M-phase).
Two states at the origin of replication
In eukaryotes, the initiation of replication occurs at many sites on the chromosomes, called the origins of replication.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Rapid PCR Thermocycling using Microscale Thermal Convection
09:02

Rapid PCR Thermocycling using Microscale Thermal Convection

Published on: March 5, 2011

Microscale chaotic advection enables robust convective DNA replication.

Aashish Priye1, Yassin A Hassan, Victor M Ugaz

  • 1Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, and §Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|October 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chaotic advection in microfluidics accelerates chemical reactions like DNA replication. This study reveals a robust operating regime for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), overcoming previous limitations in convective formats.

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Published on: March 5, 2011

Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome
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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Chaotic advection in microscale confinement can accelerate chemical processes.
  • Practical applications are limited by counterintuitive optimal results in disordered flows.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze 3D time-resolved chaotic advection during polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  • To identify a robust operating regime for PCR in convective formats.

Main Methods:

  • 3D time-resolved analysis of DNA replication via PCR.
  • Investigation across a broad ensemble of geometric states.
  • Parametric mapping of reaction rates against Rayleigh number.

Main Results:

  • An unexpectedly wide operating regime for PCR was identified.
  • Reaction rates remained constant over two orders of magnitude of the Rayleigh number.
  • This robustness is achievable under diverse PCR conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Chaotic advection offers a robust platform for PCR.
  • The identified operating regime overcomes previous limitations in convective formats.
  • This finding enables broader practical applications of microfluidic PCR.