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Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Methods of reducing fever

Methods of reducing fever

The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

Published on: June 11, 2020

Neonatal seizures: soothing a burning topic.

Matthew D Thornton¹, Lei Chen, Melissa L Langhan

¹From the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.

Pediatric Emergency Care

|October 3, 2013

Summary

Neonatal seizures can stem from maternal calcium carbonate overdose during pregnancy. This case highlights the critical need to question mothers about OTC medication use in infants with seizures.

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Electrophysiological Measurements and Analysis of Nociception in Human Infants

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Published on: December 20, 2011

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Continuous Video Electroencephalogram during Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

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Published on: June 11, 2020

Electrophysiological Measurement of Noxious-evoked Brain Activity in Neonates Using a Flat-tip Probe Coupled to Electroencephalography

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Published on: November 29, 2017

Electrophysiological Measurements and Analysis of Nociception in Human Infants

Electrophysiological Measurements and Analysis of Nociception in Human Infants

Published on: December 20, 2011

Area of Science:

Pediatrics
Neonatology
Clinical Medicine

Background:

Neonatal seizures are a serious condition with diverse etiologies, necessitating prompt diagnosis and management to prevent morbidity and mortality.
Hypocalcemia is a significant, though often overlooked, cause of neonatal seizures.
Evaluating the maternal history, including medication use, is crucial in diagnosing neonatal conditions.

Observation:

A 6-day-old infant presented with seizure-like episodes.
The infant exhibited severe hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, low parathyroid hormone, and hyperphosphatemia.
The infant's mother reported excessive calcium carbonate intake during pregnancy.

Findings:

Maternal ingestion of high-dose calcium carbonate during pregnancy led to severe neonatal hypocalcemia and related metabolic derangements.
This specific etiology for neonatal seizures due to maternal calcium carbonate overconsumption is exceptionally rare, with limited prior reports.
The infant's symptoms resolved with appropriate medical management of hypocalcemia.

Implications:

Clinicians should consider maternal over-the-counter medication use, particularly calcium carbonate, as a potential cause of neonatal seizures.
Anticipatory guidance for pregnant women experiencing gastroesophageal reflux should include warnings about excessive calcium carbonate intake.
Early identification of maternal medication history can expedite diagnosis and treatment of neonatal seizures.