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Structural evaluation of the respiratory system.

W S Tyler, D L Dungworth, C G Plopper

Fundamental and Applied Toxicology : Official Journal of the Society of Toxicology

|June 1, 1985

Summary

This review outlines methods for evaluating respiratory system morphology in inhalation toxicology. Recommended techniques include gross examination and specialized fixation for detailed light, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy analysis.

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Area of Science:

Toxicology
Respiratory System Morphology
Inhalation Toxicology

Background:

Morphological evaluation is crucial for understanding respiratory system damage from inhaled substances.
Standardized methods are needed for accurate assessment in toxicological studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review theoretical and practical bases for respiratory system morphological evaluation in inhalation toxicology.
To recommend optimized methods for sample preparation and analysis.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive gross examination of the respiratory system.
In vitro tracheal infusion with a fixative (glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, cacodylate buffer).
Lung fixation suitable for light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

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Main Results:

Recommended fixation allows for determination of lung volumes and detailed morphological analysis.
Consideration of airway orientation and damage gradients in lung sampling plans.
Integration of LM, SEM, TEM, and ancillary techniques (e.g., X-ray analysis, cytochemistry, morphometry) for comprehensive data.

Conclusions:

A multi-technique approach combining gross examination, specialized fixation, and advanced microscopy (LM, SEM, TEM) is optimal for inhalation toxicology.
Ancillary methods like SEM with X-ray analysis, cytochemistry, and morphometry provide valuable, detailed insights into particle localization, elemental analysis, cellular activity, and structure-function correlations.