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Retarders

Retarders

Retarders are chemical admixtures designed to extend the setting time, which is especially useful when there is a delay in sequential concrete pours to prevent cold joints and to achieve a cohesive structure. Retarders, when used in appropriate amounts, can also enhance the architectural appearance of exposed aggregate finishes.
The function of retarders is to delay the setting of concrete, and this effect can be measured using a penetration test. The retardation process involves adding...

Hot Weather Concreting

Hot Weather Concreting

Concreting at elevated temperatures accelerates the hydration process, leading to quicker setting but potentially reducing the long-term strength of the concrete structure. Additionally, low air humidity fosters rapid moisture loss from the concrete, resulting in reduced workability, pronounced plastic shrinkage, and a higher likelihood of crazing.
Mitigating the heat increase in concrete can be economically achieved by shading aggregate stockpiles to prevent heating from solar radiation,...

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

Accelerated Curing of Concrete

Accelerating concrete curing is achieved by applying heat and additional moisture. This process accelerates the hydration of the cement, resulting in an earlier strength gain in the concrete. Steam curing is a method wherein the concrete products are either transported through a chamber on a conveyor belt or encased in plastic, allowing steam at atmospheric pressure to circulate freely around them. This process begins with a phase of moist curing that typically lasts between 3 to 5 hours, after...

Fatigue Strength of Concrete

Fatigue Strength of Concrete

Fatigue, in the context of materials science and engineering, refers to the weakening or failure of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads, even if these loads are below the strength limit of the material. Fatigue strength in concrete is a critical property that influences its durability and longevity. Concrete can fail in two ways due to fatigue. Static fatigue or creep rupture occurs under a constant load or one that increases slowly. The other failure mode is due to cyclical or...

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...

Cold Weather Concreting

Cold Weather Concreting

When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
To counteract the negative impacts of cold weather, ensuring...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric

Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric

Published on: January 29, 2020

Cooee bitumen: chemical aging.

Claire A Lemarchand¹, Thomas B Schrøder, Jeppe C Dyre

¹DNRF Centre "Glass and Time", IMFUFA, Department of Sciences, Roskilde University, Postbox 260, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|October 5, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Chemical aging in bitumen was simulated using molecular dynamics. Resins convert to asphaltenes, causing molecular aggregation and a significant slowdown in dynamics.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

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Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

Experimental Protocol to Investigate Particle Aerosolization of a Product Under Abrasion and Under Environmental Weathering

Published on: September 16, 2016

Area of Science:

Petroleum Science
Materials Science
Computational Chemistry

Background:

Bitumen aging is a critical process affecting its properties.
Understanding chemical aging mechanisms is essential for material performance.
Molecular dynamics simulations offer insights into complex chemical processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the chemical aging of "Cooee bitumen" using molecular dynamics simulations.
To model the aging reaction "2 resins → 1 asphaltene" and its impact on bitumen.
To analyze the structural and dynamic changes in bitumen during aging.

Main Methods:

Utilized molecular dynamics simulations for four distinct bitumen compositions.
Applied the aging reaction "2 resins → 1 asphaltene" repeatedly to generate compositions.
Analyzed stress autocorrelation function, fluid structure, rotational dynamics, and molecular diffusivity.

Main Results:

The aging reaction led to a significant slowdown in molecular dynamics.
Asphaltene molecules aggregated into larger, slower-moving nanoaggregates.
Distinct roles of saturated hydrocarbon, resinous oil, resin, and asphaltene molecules in aging were identified.

Conclusions:

Chemical aging in bitumen is characterized by resin-to-asphaltene conversion and subsequent aggregation.
Asphaltene nanoaggregate formation is a key factor in the observed dynamics slowdown.
The study provides a detailed molecular-level understanding of bitumen aging processes.