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Related Concept Videos

Mass Analyzers: Common Types01:19

Mass Analyzers: Common Types

The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...
Mass Analyzers: Overview01:13

Mass Analyzers: Overview

The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...

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Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
08:53

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

Published on: October 9, 2012

Note: A new angle-resolved proton energy spectrometer.

Y Zheng1, L N Su, M Liu

  • 1Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|October 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel proton spectrometer simultaneously measures laser-driven proton beam spectra and angular distributions. This advancement aids in understanding acceleration mechanisms and optimizing proton beam applications.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
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Published on: October 9, 2012

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
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Area of Science:

  • High-energy physics
  • Laser-plasma interactions
  • Particle acceleration

Background:

  • Traditional Thomson parabola spectrometers offer limited angular acceptance for laser-driven proton beams.
  • Existing methods for measuring angular distribution (CR-39, imaging plates, radiochromic films) are often indirect or separate from spectral measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and demonstrate a new proton spectrometer capable of simultaneous spectral and angular distribution measurements.
  • To overcome the limitations of small acceptance angles in current proton spectrometers.

Main Methods:

  • Design of a novel proton spectrometer for simultaneous spectral and angular measurements.
  • Experimental validation on the Xtreme Light III laser system.
  • Utilizing the spectrometer to obtain angle-resolved spectra with a large acceptance angle.

Main Results:

  • The designed spectrometer successfully measured angle-resolved proton spectra.
  • Demonstrated a large acceptance angle, providing comprehensive angular distribution data.
  • Experimental results validated the spectrometer's capability for simultaneous measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The new spectrometer enables simultaneous measurement of proton spectra and angular distributions.
  • Facilitates deeper understanding of laser-driven proton acceleration mechanisms.
  • Supports optimization and exploration of applications for laser-driven proton beams.