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Halogens

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

Acids and bases play several important roles in biology. The pH of a biological system can significantly impact the function of biological molecules, including enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids. For example, enzymes have optimal pH ranges for their activity, and changes in pH can denature or alter their structure, affecting their function. Acids and bases also play a crucial role in cellular signaling and communication. The pH of the extracellular fluid around cells can influence the...

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

Acids, Bases and Neutralization Reactions

An acid-base reaction is one in which a hydrogen ion, H+, is transferred from one chemical species to another. Such reactions are of central importance to numerous natural and technological processes, ranging from the chemical transformations within cells or lakes and oceans to the industrial-scale production of fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, and other substances essential to the society.

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...

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The Portable Chemical Sterilizer (PCS), D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military

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Sodium hypochlorite dental accidents.

Mridula Goswami, Nidhi Chhabra, Gyanendra Kumar

Paediatrics and International Child Health

|October 5, 2013

Summary

Sodium hypochlorite, a common dental irrigant, can cause toxicity if misused. This report details two successful non-surgical management cases in adolescent patients, highlighting safe handling importance.

Keywords:

Chemical burn,Ecchymosis Irrigation complications,Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl),Tissue necrosis,

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Area of Science:

Dentistry
Endodontics
Toxicology

Background:

Sodium hypochlorite is a standard intra-canal irrigant in endodontic therapy.
Its primary roles include debridement and disinfection of root canals.
While generally safe, inappropriate use can lead to severe complications.

Observation:

Two pediatric patients (14-year-old girl, 13-year-old boy) experienced unusual sodium hypochlorite toxicity.
The specific circumstances leading to toxicity were not detailed but were considered unusual.

Findings:

Both patients were successfully managed without surgical intervention.
Non-surgical treatment approaches were effective in resolving the toxicity.

Implications:

Emphasizes the critical need for meticulous technique and appropriate concentration when using sodium hypochlorite in endodontics.
Highlights the potential for severe adverse events even with commonly used dental materials.
Demonstrates the efficacy of non-surgical management for sodium hypochlorite toxicity, offering valuable clinical insights.