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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

Veins of Upper Limbs

The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Stromal Vascular Fraction-enriched Fat Grafting for the Treatment of Symptomatic End-neuromata
07:58

Stromal Vascular Fraction-enriched Fat Grafting for the Treatment of Symptomatic End-neuromata

Published on: November 23, 2017

Schwannoma in the upper limbs.

Chris Yuk Kwan Tang1, Boris Fung, Margaret Fok

  • 1Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, University of Hong Kong, 5/F, Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong.

Biomed Research International
|October 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral nerve schwannomas often involve fascicles, risking functional deficits. Pre-operative prediction is difficult, necessitating discussion of nerve grafting options before schwannoma excision.

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Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
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Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas

Published on: July 20, 2014

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Stromal Vascular Fraction-enriched Fat Grafting for the Treatment of Symptomatic End-neuromata
07:58

Stromal Vascular Fraction-enriched Fat Grafting for the Treatment of Symptomatic End-neuromata

Published on: November 23, 2017

Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas
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Primary Culture of Human Vestibular Schwannomas

Published on: July 20, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Schwannomas are the most frequent peripheral nerve tumors.
  • Complete enucleation is not always possible due to fascicular involvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the incidence and characteristics of fascicular involvement in peripheral nerve schwannomas.
  • To propose a new system for stratifying patients who may require interfascicular nerve grafts.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 8 patients over 10 years.
  • Analysis of tumor location, nerve type involvement, and fascicular involvement.

Main Results:

  • 75% of schwannomas occurred in the distal upper limb.
  • 50% involved mixed nerves, and 75% showed fascicular involvement.
  • Preoperative MRI cannot predict fascicular involvement.

Conclusions:

  • Fascicular involvement is common in schwannomas, potentially leading to functional deficits.
  • A new stratification system is proposed for patients needing interfascicular nerve grafts.
  • Discussing nerve graft options preoperatively is crucial for informed consent.