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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...

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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Magnetically generated spin-orbit coupling for ultracold atoms.

Brandon M Anderson1, I B Spielman, Gediminas Juzeliūnas

  • 1Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742-4111, USA and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|October 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a novel method using pulsed magnetic fields to create Rashba-type spin-orbit couplings in ultracold atoms without light. This technique is implementable on atom chips and preserves atom-atom interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic physics
  • Quantum mechanics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Spin-orbit coupling is crucial for understanding electron behavior in materials.
  • Existing methods for creating spin-orbit coupling in ultracold atoms often involve complex laser systems.
  • Developing light-free techniques is desirable for simplified experimental setups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a new, light-free method for generating Rashba-type spin-orbit couplings in ultracold atoms.
  • To theoretically analyze the accuracy and limitations of the proposed technique.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of implementing this method on an atom chip.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a sequence of pulsed, inhomogeneous magnetic fields to imprint phase gradients on ultracold atoms.
  • Approximating the Rashba Hamiltonian through time-averaging for short pulse durations.
  • Calculating higher-order corrections to the energy spectrum for various spin states.

Main Results:

  • The proposed method successfully generates two- and three-dimensional Rashba-type spin-orbit couplings.
  • The time-averaged Hamiltonian accurately represents the Rashba Hamiltonian under specific conditions.
  • The technique preserves the form of rotationally symmetric atom-atom interactions.
  • Higher-order corrections were calculated for spin-1/2 and higher spins.

Conclusions:

  • The pulsed magnetic field technique offers a viable, light-free alternative for creating Rashba spin-orbit coupling in ultracold atoms.
  • This method is compatible with atom chip technology, facilitating experimental realization.
  • The approach provides a new tool for exploring quantum phenomena influenced by spin-orbit interactions.