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Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia

Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ due to enhanced cell division. It is an adaptive, controlled response to stimuli such as injury, hormones, or stress, involving mitosis to produce genetically identical cells and support tissue repair and regeneration.Tissue CapacityCertain tissues, including the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, bone marrow, and fibroblasts, have a high potential for hyperplasia. Others, such as bone, cartilage, and smooth muscle, show...

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...

Cellular Differentiation

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...

Nondisjunction

Nondisjunction

During meiosis, chromosomes occasionally separate improperly. This occurs due to failure of homologous chromosome separation during meiosis I or failed sister chromatid separation during meiosis II. In some species, notably plants, nondisjunction can result in an organism with an entire additional set of chromosomes, which is called polyploidy. In humans, nondisjunction can occur during male or female gametogenesis and the resulting gametes possess one too many or one too few chromosomes.

Nondisjunction

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Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers. Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis. Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold sister...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Establishment of Proliferative Tetraploid Cells from Nontransformed Human Fibroblasts

Establishment of Proliferative Tetraploid Cells from Nontransformed Human Fibroblasts

Published on: January 8, 2017

Cell trivision of hyperploid cells.

Gabor Nagy¹, Gabor Kiraly, Melinda Turani

¹Department of Microbial Biotechnology and Cell Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen , Hungary .

DNA and Cell Biology

|October 8, 2013

Summary

Hyperploidy, common in cancer, can lead to cell trivision (three daughter cells) instead of binary division. This spontaneous process, observed in various cell lines, may contribute to aneuploidy and new cancer karyotypes.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Establishment of Proliferative Tetraploid Cells from Nontransformed Human Fibroblasts

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Published on: January 8, 2017

Chromosome Preparation From Cultured Cells

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Published on: January 28, 2014

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Published on: June 8, 2010

Area of Science:

Cell biology
Cancer research
Genetics

Background:

Malignant transformation often results in hyperploid cells, particularly tetraploid cells.
Cell division abnormalities are implicated in cancer development and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the frequency of cell trivision as a function of ploidy.
To determine if trivision occurs spontaneously in hyperploid cells without genotoxic treatment.

Main Methods:

Time-lapse image analyses were used to observe cell division in various cell lines.
Cell lines included near-tetraploid uveal melanoma (UM), hypotetraploid HaCaT, hypertriploid HeLa, and near-diploid lung epithelial cells.
Cytokinesis was analyzed stepwise to quantify trivisions.

Main Results:

Hyperploid cell lines (HeLa, HaCaT, UM) exhibited significantly higher frequencies of trivision compared to near-diploid cells.
Trivision occurred spontaneously in hyperploid cells, independent of genotoxic treatment.
Hyperploidy was associated with decreased daughter cell size and increased cytokinesis time.

Conclusions:

Cell trivision is a spontaneous process in hyperploid cells and may contribute to cancer development.
Hyperploidy-induced trivision could lead to random aneuploidy and the generation of novel cancer-specific karyotypes.
Trivision offers a potential mechanism for re-diploidization in hyperploid cells.