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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

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Humanized NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (hu-NSG) Mouse Model for HIV Replication and Latency Studies
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Is HIV short-sighted? Insights from a multistrain nested model.

Katrina A Lythgoe1, Lorenzo Pellis, Christophe Fraser

  • 1Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom. k.lythgoe@imperial.ac.uk.

Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution
|October 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pathogen evolution within hosts impacts population-level changes. Short-sighted evolution can increase human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virulence, even if it reduces transmission potential.

Keywords:
Epidemiologyevolutionnested modelpathogentransmission-virulence trade-offvirulence

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Genotypic Inference of HIV-1 Tropism Using Population-based Sequencing of V3

Published on: December 27, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Epidemiology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Pathogen evolution within hosts significantly influences population-level dynamics.
  • Changes in pathogen genotype composition during infection affect transmission.
  • Understanding within-host evolution is crucial for predicting pathogen spread and impact.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of within-host evolutionary dynamics on pathogen virulence at the epidemiological level.
  • To model the interplay between within-host evolution and transmission timing.
  • To examine how short-sighted within-host evolution affects human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virulence.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a nested modeling approach integrating within-host and epidemiological dynamics.
  • Explicit consideration of multiple competing pathogen strains and transmission events.
  • Analysis of the within-host adaptive landscape topology.

Main Results:

  • The topology of the within-host adaptive landscape dictates the evolution of virulence.
  • Significant increases in viral reproduction rates during infection lead to higher virulence, despite reduced transmission.
  • Modest increases in reproduction rates, as observed in data, predict only marginal increases in virulence.

Conclusions:

  • Within-host evolution plays a critical role in shaping epidemiological outcomes, including virulence.
  • Short-sighted evolutionary strategies within hosts can lead to suboptimal outcomes at the population level.
  • Modeling approaches that integrate within-host and epidemiological processes are essential for understanding pathogen evolution.