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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
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Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
07:26

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Published on: September 26, 2019

Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson disease.

Horacio Kaufmann1, David S Goldstein

  • 1Dysautonomia Center, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|October 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Parkinson disease commonly causes autonomic failure, affecting systems like the cardiovascular system. Early recognition of orthostatic hypertension and other autonomic issues is key for effective symptom management.

Keywords:
Parkinson diseaseautonomicbaroreflexbladder dysfunctionerectile failureorthostatic hypotensionsweatingsympathetic nervous system

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
07:26

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Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease
06:45

Rating L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesias in the Unilaterally 6-OHDA-Lesioned Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

Published on: October 4, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Autonomic Neuroscience

Background:

  • Parkinson disease (PD) frequently presents with autonomic dysfunction.
  • Cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems are commonly affected.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the prevalence and significance of autonomic failure in Parkinson disease.
  • To emphasize the association between orthostatic hypertension and broader autonomic denervation in PD.

Main Methods:

  • Review of neuroimaging findings in PD patients.
  • Analysis of baroreflex-cardiovagal and sympathoneural responses.

Main Results:

  • Most Parkinson disease patients exhibit cardiac sympathetic denervation on neuroimaging.
  • Orthostatic hypertension is an early sign in PD, linked to extracardiac noradrenergic denervation.
  • Reduced baroreflex-cardiovagal and sympathoneural responses are observed.

Conclusions:

  • Autonomic impairment is a common and significant feature of Parkinson disease.
  • Orthostatic hypertension serves as an important early indicator of autonomic dysfunction in PD.
  • Symptomatic treatments for autonomic failure in Parkinson disease are often effective.