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Sympathetic Activation

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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

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Published on: July 6, 2011

Sympathetic neuroimaging.

David S Goldstein¹

¹Clinical Neurocardiology Section, Clinical Neurosciences Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|October 8, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging using (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine ((123)I-MIBG) SPECT is crucial for diagnosing autonomic disorders. It aids in differentiating Parkinson disease from multiple system atrophy and assessing prognosis.

Keywords:

MIBG PET Sympathetic fluorodopamine neuroimaging

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Area of Science:

Cardiology
Neurology
Nuclear Medicine

Background:

Sympathetic neuroimaging complements existing diagnostic methods for autonomic disorders.
Cardiac sympathetic imaging primarily visualizes noradrenergic innervation in the left ventricular myocardium.
Alpha-synucleinopathies are linked to noradrenergic denervation in Lewy body diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the role of sympathetic neuroimaging in evaluating autonomic disorders.
To emphasize the diagnostic and prognostic value of cardiac sympathetic innervation assessment.
To showcase the utility in differentiating neurodegenerative conditions.

Main Methods:

Utilizing single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanning.
Administering the sympathomimetic amine (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine ((123)I-MIBG).
Quantifying cardiac sympathetic innervation via heart:mediastinum ratios of (123)I-MIBG radioactivity.

Main Results:

Decreased uptake or increased washout of (123)I-MIBG indicates abnormalities in cardiac sympathetic innervation.
Findings correlate with diagnosis and prognosis in various autonomic disorders.
Cardiac sympathetic neuroimaging aids in distinguishing Parkinson disease from multiple system atrophy.

Conclusions:

Sympathetic neuroimaging is a valuable tool for evaluating patients with autonomic and neurodegenerative disorders.
It offers crucial insights beyond physiological, neurochemical, and neuropharmacological assessments.
Cardiac sympathetic imaging is particularly useful in complex neurological cases with orthostatic hypotension.