Metabolite profiling and identification of triptolide in rats

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the metabolite profile of [(3)H]triptolide in rats. The separation and characterisation techniques used to identify the major metabolites were high-performance liquid chromatography-online radiodetector, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. In all, 33 major metabolites were detected. The major components found in the rat plasma included the parent drug and its monohydroxy- and dihydroxy-metabolites. Reference standards for the monohydroxy-metabolites were obtained either by the incubation of the parent drug with rat liver microsomes or by microbial transformation with Cunninghamella blakesleana. The metabolites' structures were identified as 17-hydroxytriptolide, 16-hydroxytriptolide, tripdiolide, and 15-hydroxytriptolide. The major metabolites found in male rat urine included the monohydroxy-, dihydroxy-, and trihydroxy-metabolites. The major metabolites in female rat urine were the monohydroxy- and dihydroxy-metabolites, as well as sulphates of the monohydroxy-metabolites. A glutathione adduct, multiple hydroxy-metabolites, and a number of unidentified metabolites were detected in the bile and faeces of male rats. Sulphates of monohydroxy-metabolites were detected in the bile and faeces of female rats.